Science and Technology

Artificial intelligence systems, especially large language models, can generate outputs that sound confident but are factually incorrect or unsupported. These errors are commonly called hallucinations. They arise from probabilistic text generation, incomplete training data, ambiguous prompts, and the absence of real-world grounding. Improving AI reliability focuses on reducing these hallucinations while preserving creativity, fluency, and usefulness.Higher-Quality and Better-Curated Training DataImproving the training data for AI systems stands as one of the most influential methods, since models absorb patterns from extensive datasets, and any errors, inconsistencies, or obsolete details can immediately undermine the quality of their output.Data filtering and deduplication: Removing…

Dreaming is a nearly universal human experience: most people dream several times per night, yet the content, clarity, and memory of dreams vary widely. Scientists study dreams to understand memory, emotion, creativity, and brain function. While no single definitive answer explains why we dream, converging evidence from neurobiology, psychology, evolutionary theory, and clinical studies offers a coherent picture of multiple functions and mechanisms.What happens in the brain during dreamingDreams are most vivid during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, although dreams also occur in non-REM sleep. Key physiological facts:Sleep cycles repeat roughly every 90 minutes; adults typically experience 4–6 cycles per…

Earth’s core may contain vast hidden reserves of hydrogen, reshaping theories about planet’s water origins. Beneath our feet lies a hidden reservoir that could dwarf all of Earth’s oceans. The discovery could transform our understanding of how Earth formed and where its water came from.Deep beneath the crust and mantle, at depths far beyond the reach of any drilling technology, Earth’s core stands as one of the planet’s most inaccessible realms; however, emerging research indicates that this hidden, extreme environment might conceal a remarkable secret: an immense reserve of hydrogen that could surpass the total volume of all the water…

Therapeutic cancer vaccines mark a transition from simple prevention to active intervention: rather than stopping infection or the emergence of disease, they are designed to teach the patient’s immune system to identify and eliminate tumor cells already present. During the last ten years, progress in immunology, genomic sequencing, and delivery platforms has pushed therapeutic vaccines beyond early concepts and small pilot studies, moving them toward practical approvals and large randomized trials. This article outlines the fundamental principles, details major modalities with representative examples, reviews clinical evidence and existing hurdles, and points to the directions the field is poised to take.What…

Artificial intelligence moved from promise to pressure point in 2025, reshaping economies, politics and daily life at a speed few anticipated. What began as a technological acceleration has become a global reckoning about power, productivity and responsibility.How AI reshaped the global landscape in 2025 and what lies aheadThe year 2025 will be remembered as the point when artificial intelligence shifted from being viewed as a distant disruptor to becoming an unavoidable force shaping everyday reality, marking a decisive move from experimentation toward broad systemic influence as governments, companies and citizens were compelled to examine not only what AI is capable…

Robust research indicates that exercise serves as a clinically significant approach to easing depressive symptoms across diverse age groups and environments, although its impact does not manifest uniformly for all individuals or routines; consequently, grasping the appropriate dose encompassing frequency, intensity, duration, and modality, as well as tailoring it to each person, becomes crucial for achieving consistent improvements in mood.What the evidence showsMultiple randomized trials and meta-analyses report a small-to-moderate antidepressant effect of exercise. Pooled estimates commonly fall in the standardized mean difference range of about -0.3 to -0.6, indicating clinically relevant symptom reduction for many people.Effects are seen for…

Volcanic eruption may have triggered the Black Death, study suggestsNew research proposes that a massive volcanic eruption in the mid-14th century may have set off a chain of events leading to the Black Death, one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. By combining climate data from tree rings, ice cores, and historical records, scientists are shedding new light on how environmental and societal factors intersected to create a perfect storm for the plague.Researchers have long studied the Black Death, which ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351, claiming the lives of at least 25 million people—roughly half of the continent’s…

New images of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS nearing Earth have been captured by astronomersFresh observations of comet 3I/ATLAS reveal its unusual structure and dynamic tails as it nears its closest approach to Earth later this month. The interstellar visitor, which originated beyond our solar system, has sparked intense interest among scientists since its discovery in July 2025.Comet 3I/ATLAS represents just the third interstellar object identified as it journeys through our solar system, rendering each observation vital for comprehending its path, makeup, and actions. Detailed images of the comet have been captured by both the Hubble Space Telescope and the European…

The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century marked profound progress in understanding the natural world, and among its most significant contributors was Robert Hooke. An English polymath, Hooke’s acute observational skills and innovative experiments transformed biology, most notably through his discovery regarding cells. His meticulous work laid the foundation for future advances in microbiology and cellular biology—a legacy that persists centuries later.Robert Hooke and the Invention of the Compound MicroscopeRobert Hooke was not solely a scientist but also an inventor and architect, famed for enhancing scientific instruments. During the 1660s, he refined the compound microscope, a device composed of multiple…

Carl Linnaeus, frequently hailed as the "pioneer of contemporary taxonomy," is a name inextricably linked with the transformative reorganization of the biological disciplines. His unwavering commitment to categorization and naming conventions not only fundamentally altered the way living organisms were structured but also established the crucial groundwork for systematic biology, impacting botanical, zoological, and ecological research for hundreds of years.The Genesis of Contemporary TaxonomyBefore Linnaeus, the categorization of life forms was based on intricate descriptions and variable terminology, frequently causing ambiguity and misunderstanding among academics. The common method for describing a plant or animal involved extensive Latin expressions outlining its…